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Activation- independent carcinogens, or "direct-acting" carcinogens, are those that are capable of directly damaging DNA without any modification to their molecular structure

[2] Over ten days in 1846, the Donner-Reed Party created and navigated a road through Emigration Canyon that Mormon pioneers traveled through and enhanced the next year when they entered the valley for the first time

Or in other words, states of normal mental and physical health

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While the HLI can be used as a composite measure accounting for the co-occurrence of selected domains of the environment, it can also be further split into its combined health-promoting or health-constraining features