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However, the overall effectiveness and safety of alternative nicotine products remain unclear due to limited evidence and the lack of reliable biomarkers [31]

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She has received relevant competitive grants that include a focus on e-cigarettes/vaping from the NHMRC, MRFF, NSW Health, the Ian Potter Foundation, VicHealth, and Healthway WA

(Modern) Nicotine pouches do not break intermittent fasts because they have close to zero calories

Literature search methodology This article is designed as a narrative review aiming to integrate current evidence on smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis and its systemic implications