found that TMAO can inhibit the RCT process and affect cholesterol metabolism ( ApoE / mice, and further activate the nuclear receptors farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP), to reduce the expression of cholesterol 7-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) to inhibit bile acid synthesis, thus accelerating the formation of atherosclerosis (82)
Epigenetic regulation of diverse regulated cell death modalities in cardiovascular disease: Insights into necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis
The consequent increased generation of ROS and reactive aldehydic derivatives and the downregulation of genes for antioxidant enzymes induce an altered intracellular redox status causing oxidative stress and cell death, via ATP, NAD, and -glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione (GSH)) depletion [4]
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Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and consequences