Specify the type of tobacco product : Providers should specify the type of tobacco product used, such as cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, or other tobacco products
There are several hypotheses concerning the mechanism of taste sensitivity decrease: significant changes in shape, size and vascularisation of the fungiform papillae [5, 35], decreasing number of taste cells [47, 48], indirect result of tobacco substances impacting salivary glands [4951], reduced zinc, vitamin B, E, and acid folic levels, all these components affecting taste [5255]
Oxidative stress induced by nicotine was also investigated in animal models
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At the least, smoking should be stopped two to four weeks before surgery